Healthy Brain Project - Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk Factors

Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk Factors

CORONARY AND PERIPHERAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Cross-sectional and prospective observational studies suggest that coronary and peripheral atherosclerosis is associated with cognitive impairment, even among populations without clinically overt vascular disease. Noninvasive measures of coronary atherosclerosis used in epidemiologic studies include B-mode ultrasound carotid intima-media thickness and electron-beam computed tomography assessment of coronary calcium. A noninvasive measure of peripheral atheroscloersosis is the ankle-brachial blood pressure index.

Auperin A, Berr C, Bonithon-Kopp C, Touboul PJ, Ruelland I, Ducimetiere P, Alperovitch A. Ultrasonographic assessment of carotid wall characteristics and cognitive     functions in a community sample of 59- to 71-year-olds. The EVA Study Group. Stroke 1996; 27:1290-5.

Breteler MM, Claus JJ, Grobbee DE, Hofman A. Cardiovascular disease and distribution of cognitive function in elderly people: the Rotterdam Study. BMJ     1994;308:1604-8.

Johnston SC, O'Meara ES, Manolio TA, Lefkowitz D, O'Leary DH, Goldstein S, Carlson MC, Fried LP, Longstreth WT, Jr. Cognitive impairment and decline are     associated with carotid artery disease in patients without clinically evident cerebrovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140:237-47.

Newman AB, Arnold AM, Naydeck BL, Fried LP, Burke GL, Enright P, Gottdiener J, Hirsch C, O'Leary D, Tracy R. "Successful aging": Effect of subclinical      cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:2315-22.

van Exel E, Gussekloo J, Houx P, de Craen AJ, Macfarlane PW, Bootsma-van der Wiel A, Blauw GJ, Westendorp, RG. Atherosclerosis and cognitive impairment are     linked in the elderly. The Leiden 85-plus Study. Atherosclerosis 2002; 165:353-9.

van Exel E, De Craen AJ, Remarque EJ, Gussekloo J, Houx P, Bootsma-Van Der Wiel A, Frolich M, Macfarlane PW, Blauw GJ, Westendorp RG. Interaction of     atherosclerosis and inflammation in elderly subjects with poor cognitive function. Neurology 2003;61:1695-1701.

Waldstein SR, Tankard CF, Maier KJ, Pelletier JR, Snow J, Gardner AW, Macko R, Katzel LI. Peripheral arterial disease and cognitive function. Psychosom Med     2003;65:757-63.